Higher Inflation
Listening to an interview this morning with Trump's senior counselor for trade and manufacturing, Peter Navarro, it provided an example of how Trump is surrounding himself with sycophants that are unlikely to push back on his obsession with tariffs. Trump and Navarro are going through mental gymnastics to avoid admitting that tariffs are a tax that will have an inflationary impact is on the US economy.
Navarro and Trump bring up three examples to make a case for the benefits of imposing tariffs on US imports.
1) From 1798 to 1913 tariffs accounted for over 50% of US Federal Revenue. Sure, using a precedent from the horse and buggy era is convincing.
2) President Trump speaks fondly of William McKinley, the 25th U.S. president who was a strong advocate for tariffs. But did the McKinley tariff of 1890 work? It was meant to protect domestic industries, but raised prices and became extremely unpopular. It led to the Democrats gaining the majority in the House, ousting 83 Republicans, and overturning the tariffs in 1894.
3) Navarro stated that Trump's first term tariffs did not raise inflation. While most economists agree with this conclusion, the American Economic Association takes a negative view about the tariffs
In the wake of this increase in trade protection, the United States experienced substantial increases in the prices of intermediates and final goods, dramatic changes to its supply-chain network, reductions in availability of imported varieties, and the complete pass-through of the tariffs into domestic prices of imported goods. Therefore, the full incidence of the tariffs has fallen on domestic consumers and importers so far, and our estimates imply a reduction in aggregate US real income of $1.4 billion per month by the end of 2018.
The first Trump administration tariffs were targeted and only applied to products valued at about $380 billion in 2018 and 2019 and generated approximately $80 billion in revenue (not even enough revenue to cover two weeks of the US Federal deficit).
But while the tariff revenue Trump plans to raise is a moving target, it seems appropriate to guess his broad based tariffs will be a multiple of the revenue of his first term's tariffs.
According to the Tax Foundation, historical evidence and recent studies show that tariffs are taxes that raise prices and reduce available quantities of goods and services for US businesses and consumers, which results in lower income, reduced employment, and lower economic output.
Not surprisingly, the supporters of tariffs fail to mention the 1930 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, the most recent example of the US implementing hefty tariffs. It significantly raised tariffs on a variety of imported goods in an order to protect American industries and agriculture. However, it had profound negative consequences on international trade. One result was that Europeans retaliated with their own protective tariffs, leading to a decline in global trade. The Smoot-Hawley tariffs deepened the economic collapse of the Great Depression. Hmmm, what are the chances of our trading partners launching retaliatory tariffs or of reducing travel to the US.
Reduced GDP Growth
US deficit spending has been an important factor in the strength of the US economy. While it is critical to rein in the huge deficit, the chainsaw that Musk and the DOGE commission are welding may have a short term negative impact on the US economy. The spending and employment cuts are coming prior to the other actions that could serve as a counter weight (regulation cutting, reduced taxes, and drill baby drill).
Larger Deficit
Trump's proposed tax cuts could reduce Federal revenue by as much as a trillion dollars per year even if the Tax Cut and Jobs Act is extended. Check out the chart from the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget for details on Trump's proposed SALT Relief, and cuts to taxes on Tips, Overtime Pay, Social Security, and Domestic Production.
Conclusion
The stock market has moved higher since Trump's election. Time will tell if the the stock and bond market continue to gain between now and the Congressional elections in 2026. And trying to predict inflation, GDP growth, and the US deficit following the 2026 elections, particularly if Democrats gain control of the House, seems beyond the capabilities of my crystal ball.